Political Shockwaves: How Brazil's 2026 Election Uncertainty Sent the Ibovespa Plunging and Hiked Selic Rate Forecasts

Brazilian financial markets experienced one of their most turbulent sessions in recent history last Friday, as political developments in Brasília reignited deep-seated concerns over fiscal policy, monetary strategy, and long-term economic planning. The market's reaction was swift and severe: the benchmark Ibovespa index suffered a dramatic drop — after a series of record highs, the Ibovespa B3 experienced a drop of more than 4% —, while the Central Bank's latest Focus Report reflected this new wave of instability by signaling higher expectations for the Selic rate in 2026. This shift underscores how political uncertainty in Brazil directly translates into heightened risk premiums and a more restrictive monetary outlook.

Political Volatility Reshapes Monetary Outlook

For weeks, the financial community had been anticipating a potential easing cycle in Brazil's monetary policy, hoping for lower interest rates ahead. However, Friday’s political shock abruptly reshaped these expectations.

The catalyst was the early, and later confirmed, report that Flávio Bolsonaro would be the chosen presidential candidate for the 2026 election. This news immediately fueled investor anxiety regarding economic unpredictability, particularly concerning fiscal management in a potential 2027 administration led by the candidate.

The weekly Focus Report, compiled from projections by over 100 financial institutions, now signals a reversal of the recent downward trend in interest rate forecasts. A month prior, the market projected the Selic rate to end 2026 at 12.25%. Following the political sell-off, projections have jumped, reflecting the market's need to price in additional risk.

The Ibovespa's Steepest Decline Since 2021

The Ibovespa had been on a record-setting streak, briefly touching 165,000 points early in the session. The news of the potential Bolsonaro-aligned candidacy triggered a swift and severe reversal, resulting in one of the index's sharpest single-day drops since 2021.

The index plunged from nearly 165,000 points to 154,000 points. This massive sell-off was driven by fears that a politically motivated administration could undermine fiscal predictability, especially when compared to expectations surrounding other potential contenders, such as São Paulo governor Tarcísio de Freitas, who is widely viewed by markets as a more technocratic and fiscally disciplined option — in fact, Tarcísio de Freitas is even more radical than Bolsonaro when it comes to the economy. In São Paulo, the government even privatized the water supplier company (Sabesp). The governor also established a public security policy marked by dozens of cases of police brutality. There were cases where police officers threw a citizen off a bridge and also a police operation in Guarujá, in the Baixada Santista region, where 38 people from a poor community were killed by the police. On that occasion, Tarcísio said he was "extremely satisfied" with the police action.

Analysts highlight that the connection between political risk and monetary policy is direct: political uncertainty and a lack of clarity on economic plans increase the country's risk premium. The Central Bank, in turn, tracks these risks closely, as political turbulence affects asset pricing, the currency, and overall investor confidence. Consequently, expectations of unstable fiscal policy push long-term interest rates higher, forcing the market to price in a higher Selic rate to compensate for the added risk.

Focus Report Quantifies Risk: Higher Selic in 2025

The latest Focus Report, released this week, provides a clear quantification of the market's revised expectations. While inflation and GDP growth forecasts remain relatively stable, the outlook for the Selic rate has been revised upwards for 2025.

Metric	2024/Forecast	2025/Forecast
Inflation (IPCA)	4.40%	4.16%
GDP Growth	2.25%	1.80%
Exchange Rate (BRL/USD)	5.40	5.50
Selic Rate	N/A	12.25% (Revised Up)

Source: Central Bank Focus Report, December 2025

The upward revision of the Selic rate for 2025 (from 12.00% to 12.25%) confirms that the market is now less certain about the speed and depth of the current interest-rate cutting cycle. Analysts broadly expect rate cuts to resume in 2025, but the political noise has pushed the anticipated start date from January to March.

Structural Hurdles: Why Brazil's Interest Rates Remain High

The recent volatility has forcefully resurfaced the broader debate over Brazil's structural economic challenges. Despite a global trend toward lower policy rates, Brazil remains burdened by high structural rates due to several persistent factors:

1. Low Productivity and Supply Constraints: The country's economic structure lacks dynamism and struggles to adjust supply to rising demand, making it highly susceptible to inflationary pressures.
2. Tight Inflation Target: The inflation target was arbitrarily lowered during the Temer administration (from 4% with a 2-point band to 3% with a 1.5-point band) without corresponding structural improvements in the economy.
3. Aggressive Monetary Response: A tighter inflation target necessitates a more aggressive interest-rate response from the Central Bank, even when inflation is driven by supply-side issues rather than excess demand.

In essence, Brazil's combination of low productivity, deindustrialization, and a narrow inflation band all contribute to keeping interest rates stubbornly high, making the economy highly sensitive to political risk.

Navigating the Political-Economic Crossroads

The immediate future holds a high-stakes "Super Wednesday" with key decisions from both the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) and Brazil's Monetary Policy Committee (COPOM). The Fed is widely expected to cut rates, which would ease pressure on emerging markets. While COPOM is not expected to signal immediate cuts, analysts will scrutinize its tone for any subtle shift that might leave the door open for reductions later in 2025.

While Friday’s drop may have been an overreaction, early trading this week showed a partial recovery, with long-term yields dropping and the Ibovespa attempting a rebound. Nevertheless, markets will remain in a holding pattern, highly sensitive to both the COPOM decision and any further developments in the volatile political landscape ahead of the 2026 elections.

Regera Aims to Transform Brazil's Agribusiness With “Renewable Fertilizer” and High-Value Biomethane Strategy

Regera, a Brazilian company specializing in biogas and biomethane, is solidifying its position as a strategic force in the agribusiness and energy-transition sectors by producing high-value biofertilizers derived from organic waste. Cofounder André Holzhacker explains that the company’s mission is rooted in the concept of “renewable fertilizer,” a proposal aimed at reducing Brazil’s heavy dependence on imported agricultural inputs.

Hacker, an environmental engineer active in the sector since 2009, points to a fundamental paradox: although Brazil is a global agricultural powerhouse, it still imports 80% to 85% of the NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium) it consumes, even as large quantities of these nutrients are discarded in organic waste. Regera’s model converts this environmental burden into valuable outputs such as biomethane, electricity, and high-performance biofertilizers.

Integrated Business Model Drives Competitiveness

A core pillar of Regera’s strategy is its fully integrated business model, in which the company owns and operates its plants, a structure that covers 95% of its portfolio. By keeping ownership and operational control in-house, Regera safeguards its technological know-how and manages every stage of the process, from waste sourcing to digestate recovery. This mitigates risk, optimizes project structuring, and strengthens the company’s ability to scale efficiently.

The company currently operates three proprietary plants, two in Minas Gerais and one in Paraná, and expects to produce 8,000 to 10,000 tons of biofertilizer in 2025. Central to Regera’s competitive edge is the valorization of digestate, which is transformed into high-value renewable fertilizer. This approach generates an additional revenue stream while aligning the business with principles of regenerative agriculture and the circular economy.

Capital Backing Fuels Expansion

Regera’s rebranding from Alma Energia was accompanied by a key capital raise: investment funds Shift Capital and Risa Asset acquired equity stakes, supplying the resources needed to execute the company’s robust project pipeline. This financial backing enables Regera to overcome one of the sector’s most significant structural bottlenecks, like limited availability of growth capital, and accelerates its expansion trajectory.

Biomethane at the Center of a Growing Market

The company is fully focused on biomethane, a high-value product experiencing rising demand amid the global energy transition. Regera aims to reach an ambitious production milestone of 500,000 m³ of biomethane per day by 2030, a goal that requires navigating complex logistical and regulatory hurdles. Still, its integrated model, strong capital base, and expertise in scaling biogas operations position it favorably to achieve this target.

Strategic Partnerships Strengthen Long-Term Vision

Regera places strong emphasis on long-term partnerships and “win-win” relationships, a strategic necessity in a sector that depends on cooperation, reliable waste supply, and long-term off-take agreements. These partnerships reinforce the company’s ability to expand sustainably while aligning stakeholders around shared environmental and economic gains.

With a robust business model, a clear focus on biomethane, and a strategy that monetizes every byproduct of the biogas chain, Regera is emerging as a key player in Brazil’s circular bioeconomy. Its approach positions the company to reduce fertilizer dependency, support regenerative agriculture, and help drive the country’s transition toward cleaner and more resilient energy systems.

Stock market plummets after Flávio Bolsonaro announces his candidacy for the Brazilian presidency in 2026

Flávio Bolsonaro announced today that his father, former Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro, currently imprisoned after being convicted of leading an attempted coup, has nominated him to run for president in the 2026 election.

Flávio, who is a senator for the Liberal Party (PL) in the state of Rio de Janeiro, said his father wants him to be the PL's presidential candidate. For many journalists, Flávio would be the ideal candidate to face Lula, as the son of the convicted former president is more popular than the current Brazilian president.

Others believe that the announcement of Flávio's name is just a trial or an attempt to gauge the reaction of the population and the financial market to the name of the senator from Rio de Janeiro. 

The announcement of Flávio's candidacy hit the Brazilian financial market like a bomb and caused the biggest drop in the Brazilian Stock Exchange since February 22, 2021, when former President Jair Bolsonaro (PL) appointed General Joaquim Silva e Luna to take over as president of Petrobras. 

How Petrobras' (PETR3; PETR4) bet on pre-salt oil transformed Brazil into a major oil power

Brazil’s rise as a global oil powerhouse is rooted in one of the boldest industrial bets in its history. When the first exploratory wells in the pre-salt layer were proposed, the cost, depth, and geological challenges were so extreme that private partners walked away. Shell, then a partner of Petrobras, refused to drill, fearing the R$1 billion price tag per well and the uncertain chance of finding commercially viable oil nearly seven kilometers below the seabed.

But Petrobras, as a state-controlled company, made a different calculation: if the attempt failed, it would survive; if it succeeded, it could rewrite Brazil’s economic trajectory. That strategic risk set the stage for one of the most significant energy discoveries of the 21st century.

What Is the Pre-Salt Layer?

Geologically, the “pre-salt” refers to oil-bearing rock formations that were created before massive deposits of salt covered the region millions of years ago. Along Brazil’s southeastern coast, especially in the Campos and Santos Basins — the Santos and Campos Basins are large sedimentary basins located on the southeastern coast of Brazil, on the continental shelf, with the Campos Basin further north (coast of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo) and the Santos Basin further south (coast of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina) —, layers of microorganisms formed rocky structures known as stromatolites, which over time became reservoirs of oil. Later, shifts in the Earth’s oceans left behind thick salt formations that buried these reservoirs under up to 7 kilometers of water, rock, and salt.

This salt layer acts like a geological curtain: homogeneous and dense, it blocks seismic waves and makes traditional imaging almost impossible. For decades, companies explored only the shallower “post-salt” layers.

The Breakthrough: Imaging Below the Salt

The turning point came when Petrobras geophysicists developed a proprietary data-analysis technique, enhanced by artificial intelligence, capable of amplifying the faint seismic signals that passed through the salt. This allowed them to identify oil-rich zones beneath the thick geological barrier.

The discovery was considered so strategic that strict security protocols were imposed. Even geological samples (“cores”) were handled under near-military secrecy inside Petrobras’ headquarters, given their potential impact on financial markets and national policy.

The Next Challenge: Drilling Through Salt

Finding oil was only the first obstacle. Drilling into the pre-salt presented another enormous challenge: unlike typical rock layers, salt is plastic. When a drill penetrates it, the walls of the well can collapse as the salt shifts and closes in.

To overcome this, Petrobras engineers spent years developing new drilling and cementing techniques, capable of stabilizing wells while drilling. This innovation drastically reduced costs and made large-scale extraction viable.

From Improbable Discovery to Economic Engine

Today, the pre-salt fields account for more than half of Brazil’s total oil production, generating tens of billions of dollars in tax revenue and foreign currency inflows. The reserves discovered in these deep layers rival those of major global producers, earning Brazil comparisons to a “South American Saudi Arabia.”

What began as a high-risk geological hypothesis became a technological triumph, and a central pillar of Brazil’s economic landscape.

Petrobras (PETR3; PETR4) and Shell Win $1.7 Billion Pre-Salt Auction for Mero and Atapu Fields in Brazil

The consortium formed by Petrobras (PETR3; PETR4) and Shell emerged victorious in the Auction of Uncontracted Areas held by Pré-Sal Petróleo S.A. (PPSA) on Thursday, December 4th, securing the Union's stakes in the giant Mero and Atapu fields in the Santos Basin. The strategic move, which reinforces Petrobras's portfolio and expands its reserves in high-return areas, involved a total outlay of approximately R$ 8.8 billion (Brazilian Reais). The amount came in below the federal government’s expectation of R$ 10.2 billion, as no offer was made for the Tupi field. According to PPSA president Luís Fernando Paroli, the government will not incur losses from the absence of bids, since it will continue receiving and selling the oil corresponding to its share in the area.

The acquisition reaffirms Petrobras's commitment to deep and ultra-deep water investments, particularly in the Pre-Salt, which is currently the company's main cash generator. By acquiring stakes in mature, highly productive fields, the state-owned company aims to mitigate risks and enhance financial predictability amidst global energy market uncertainties.

Auction Details and Financials

The consortium submitted proposals significantly above the minimum required value. For the Union's 3.5% stake in the Mero field, the group offered R$ 7.791 billion, representing a premium of 1.90%. In the Atapu field, the 0.95% stake was secured for R$ 1 billion, an expressive premium of 16%.

Paroli hailed the result as historic, noting that the Union's total revenue from the state-owned company could reach R$ 30 billion in 2025, surpassing all previous years combined.

Market Optimism and Strategic Impact

The market reacted with optimism to the news. Petrobras shares (PETR4) were already trading higher before the official confirmation, reflecting investor confidence in the company's strategy to expand reserves and future cash flow. The operation is seen as strengthening three core pillars for Petrobras's performance:

1. Expanded Reserves: Mero and Atapu are among the world's most productive fields;
2. Greater Cash Generation: Assets already discovered and in operation reduce risks and increase economic efficiency;
3. Sustained Dividends: Increased financial flow supports the continuation of robust dividend policies.

For shareholders, the move is expected to strengthen the company's fundamentals, improve the potential for stock appreciation, and support long-term dividend continuity. The lot related to the Tupi area did not receive offers, but PPSA clarified that this does not cause prejudice, as the Union's production in the region will continue to be commercialized normally.

 

Brazil's Economic Slowdown: Q3 GDP Growth of 0.1% Signals Policy Success and Rate Cut Dilemma

A recent deep dive into Brazil's latest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) figures for the third quarter has ignited intense debate across financial markets. Ahead of the official release, economists had anticipated a "soft landing" for the quarter, projecting growth near 0.2% compared to the previous quarter and 1.7% year-over-year. However, the official result, a meager 0.1% growth, fell significantly short of these expectations, marking the smallest growth recorded since the most critical phases of the pandemic.

This sharp deceleration in economic activity raises a crucial question: What do these figures truly reveal about the health of the Brazilian economy, and what are the implications for future monetary policy and the broader political landscape?

A Clear Trend of Losing Momentum
The disappointing 0.1% figure is part of a broader pattern. Brazil’s economy has steadily decelerated, falling from an annual growth rate of 3.6% at the end of 2022 to just 1.8% in the latest comparison. Analysts identify several pressure points behind the slowdown:
High interest rates aimed at containing inflation
Tighter credit conditions across the financial system
A cooling labor market, weighing on consumption
U.S. trade barriers, especially tariffs
Internal Components: Investment Plummets
A closer examination of the GDP's internal components reveals a mixed picture, with investment emerging as the most significant area of concern. While household consumption, a vital economic engine, advanced by a modest 0.4%, the slowest pace in the last year, it is investment that has taken a dramatic hit.

Investment, which is crucial for future growth, has plummeted from an annual growth rate of over 9% just a few quarters ago to a mere 2.3%. This sharp drop, coupled with a decline in imports (a direct reflection of a weaker domestic economy), represents one of the strongest warning signs in the current economic landscape.

Sectoral Resilience: The Commodity Backbone
Despite the overall slowdown, certain sectors are demonstrating remarkable resilience, acting as the economy's vital organs. The extractive industry (primarily oil and iron ore) and agribusiness stand out as the absolute champions of growth, posting impressive advances of nearly 12% and over 10%, respectively. These commodity-linked sectors are largely responsible for propping up the economy at this moment.

However, the industrial sector itself shows a sharp divergence: civil construction has managed a small gain despite high interest rates, while the manufacturing industry is suffering significantly due to the high cost of credit, already showing a year-over-year decline.

Political and Regulatory Headwinds
Beyond the economic data, the political and regulatory environment continues to shape the outlook. In a significant regulatory move, the Senate committee approved an increase in taxation for the sports betting (bets) and financial technology (fintech) sectors. The text now proceeds directly to the Chamber of Deputies for analysis.

According to tax law specialist Emanuele Lemos, any tax change will likely be passed on to the consumer as a cost. Lemos also explained that the new legislation not only increases the tax burden on the value and revenue of bets but also brings greater regulation aimed at curbing illegal gambling. For the *fintech* sector, the discussion centers on balancing the lower taxation they currently enjoy compared to traditional banks, a move the government is attempting to address with this measure.

The Policy Dilemma and Future Outlook
The most critical insight from this analysis is that the current slowdown was not an accident; it was, in large part, intentional. The economic brake is the direct result of two primary policy movements: the Central Bank's aggressive interest rate hike to control inflation and the government's efforts to restrain public expenditure.

The market anticipated that the effect of these restrictive policies would eventually appear in the data. The moment has arrived with the third-quarter numbers, suggesting that the deceleration, while strong, is to some extent a managed and predictable outcome.

With this comprehensive diagnosis in hand, the major question remains: What does this mean for the next steps in economic policy?

The main conclusion is that while the slowdown is strong and undeniable, the economy is not in an uncontrolled freefall or crisis. The data shows the economy is cooling down in a largely predicted and managed way.

This leads directly to the final, pressing question: With the economy showing clear signs of cooling, will the Central Bank accelerate its interest rate cuts? The door is certainly open. However, the central dilemma is whether the economy requires a stronger stimulus now, or if the current deceleration is the necessary, albeit bitter, medicine required to ensure more sustainable growth in the long run. This dilemma, alongside the evolving political and regulatory landscape, will define the next chapters of Brazil's economic story.

Brazil–UK Trade Surges 11% as Services Drive Bilateral Growth

Brazil’s trade relationship with the United Kingdom is gaining strength, with bilateral commerce expanding 11.1% over the past 12 months, according to Renata Sucupira, President of the Committee on International Trade and Investment at the British Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Brazil. Total trade between the two countries, in the last 12 months, reached £13.4 billion, boosted primarily by rising activity in the services sector.

Exports of UK services to Brazil grew 17.6%, while Brazilian service exports to the UK advanced 19%, driven by financial services, transport, and travel.

Regulatory Improvements and Global Shifts Fuel Growth

Sucupira attributes the recent acceleration to global economic changes and the strategic need for both countries to diversify suppliers and markets. She highlights that Brazil has become more open and competitive, benefiting from a more favorable regulatory environment, including the country’s updated transfer pricing legislation, now aligned with OECD standards.

This regulatory modernization, she explains, “restored mutual confidence and strengthened the maturity of Brazil–UK commercial relations.”

Brexit Opens New Opportunities for the UK

The UK’s departure from the European Union has increased the country’s flexibility in negotiating new trade partnerships. Sucupira notes the importance of the 2022 double-taxation agreement, designed to prevent incomes from being taxed twice across the two markets. The UK has already ratified the accord, and Brazil is expected to follow.

Once the agreement is implemented, she anticipates an even stronger expansion in bilateral services trade.

Mercosur–EU Negotiations and Their Impact

Although the UK is no longer part of the European Union, the ongoing Mercosur–EU trade agreement remains relevant. According to Sucupira, the deal has “dimensions that cannot be ignored,” and the British Chamber is closely monitoring its developments to identify sectors where Brazil and the UK can deepen bilateral cooperation.

The long-delayed free trade agreement between Mercosur and the European Union, which will cover one quarter of global GDP and a market of over 700 million consumers, is moving forward after more than 20 years of negotiations. Economist Carla Beni explains that the deal will be split into two parts: an initial economic–commercial text expected to be approved soon, followed by a comprehensive final agreement.

Beni highlights key challenges for Brazil. While the agreement offers major opportunities, it also exposes structural weaknesses, particularly Brazil’s dependence on exporting raw commodities and its severe deindustrialization, with industry’s share of GDP falling from 40% in the 1980s to about 20% today. She argues that Brazil must define a long-term national strategy focused on industrialization, value-added production, and leveraging its large reserves of rare earth minerals.

The economist stresses that without sustained state investment and continuity across different governments, Brazil risks missing another opportunity, repeating its historical pattern of unrealized economic potential. Still, she remains cautiously optimistic, emphasizing the importance of planning, political will, and a long-term vision for development.

Growing Dominance of Services in Bilateral Trade Between Brazil and UK

Services now account for four of the top five categories of traded products, broadly defined, between Brazil and the United Kingdom. This shift signals a diversification away from traditional commodity-based trade.

Renewable energy, technology, and high-value-added services are emerging as major drivers of growth, reinforcing the need to ratify the double-taxation agreement to reduce the heavy tax burden on service imports in Brazil.

Guidance for Brazilian Companies Seeking to Export to the UK

Sucupira encourages Brazilian companies interested in exporting services to the UK to seek support from the British Chamber of Commerce.

The institution provides guidance on:

• identifying partners, suppliers, or clients;

• navigating regulatory environments;

• ESG and responsible investment practices;

• financing options and market-entry strategies.

“Our role is to connect business leaders from both countries and strengthen the bilateral ecosystem,” she emphasizes.

TikTok to Build Brazil’s Largest Data Center in Ceará With R$ 200 Billion Investment and 100% Clean Energy

TikTok has announced a landmark R$ 200 billion investment to build its first Latin American data center in Brazil. The facility, which will be the largest data center in the country, will be located in the Industrial and Port Complex of Pecém, in the city of Caucaia, in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, capital of Ceará. The announcement was made on Wednesday (3) by President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva during an official agenda in the state, highlighting the project as a milestone for Brazil’s digital and industrial development.

According to TikTok, the investment will be carried out over the next several years. Of the total amount, R$ 108 billion will be allocated to high-tech equipment by 2035, with additional investments planned for the following decade. The project is being developed in partnership with Casa dos Ventos and OMNIA.

Clean Energy, Advanced Technology, and Job Creation

The Pecém data center will run on 100% renewable energy, sourced exclusively from new wind farms built specifically for the project. This ensures that the facility will not draw electricity from the local grid and will help expand the supply of clean energy in Brazil.

TikTok also confirmed the use of state-of-the-art closed-loop water-reuse cooling technology, designed to deliver extremely high energy efficiency while keeping water consumption minimal, placing the new center among the most sustainable data facilities in the world.

During the first phase of construction and operations, the government of Ceará estimates the creation of 4,000 direct and indirect jobs, both temporary and permanent. The partner companies are also required to invest R$ 15 million per year in community development initiatives for residents living near the Pecém Complex.

Lula Highlights the Strategic Importance of the Project

President Lula emphasized the significance of the investment for Brazil’s digital and economic future, noting: 

“We are announcing that TikTok will build a data center here, which over time will invest R$ 200 billion in this country.”

Caucaia an the water problem 

The Caucaia data center will consume 30,000 liters of water per day in a region where water scarcity has been a challenge for indigenous and rural communities for years. The project, expected to break ground within six months, marks a significant milestone for the city and for Brazil’s growing digital infrastructure sector.

A data center functions as a large-scale facility for real-time data processing and storage, a demand that has surged with the rapid expansion of artificial intelligence technologies. TikTok’s decision to install the structure in Caucaia reinforces Ceará’s rising prominence in the global digital ecosystem.

Strategic Location and Green Investments

Located near the international submarine cable routes that connect Brazil to Europe and the United States, Caucaia has emerged as a strategic hub for the Brazilian Northeast’s digital economy. The region is set to receive approximately R$ 5 billion in investments for the data center, along with an additional R$ 50 billion for green hydrogen projects. These initiatives are part of a national program aimed at boosting not only the 184 municipalities of Ceará but cities across the entire country.

Brazil Ends 2025 With Stronger-Than-Expected Economy: Falling Inflation, Industrial Resilience, and Historic Job Market Gains

As 2025 comes to an end, Brazil’s economic performance defies nearly all pessimistic forecasts made at the start of the year. In her latest column for O Globo, journalist Miriam Leitão highlights a surprising mix of falling inflation, a stronger currency, and record labor-market results. New data from industrial production and real estate activity reinforce a picture of resilience, even amid some of the world’s highest interest rates.

Below is a comprehensive overview of the key indicators shaping Brazil’s economic outlook.

Inflation Cools and Food Prices Plunge, Boosting Household Income

At the beginning of 2025, economists predicted a 6% inflation rate. Instead, inflation is closing the year at 4.4%, within the Central Bank’s target band, and may fall even lower.

The real standout is food inflation. Forecasts suggested an increase of 8–9%, yet food inflation is ending the year at just 1.35%, thanks to several consecutive months of declines. This dramatic drop boosted household purchasing power, especially for lower-income families, whose budgets are heavily impacted by food costs.

Brazilian Real Strengthens: Dollar Falls Far Below Expectations

Another major surprise was the exchange rate. Economists warned that the dollar could reach R$ 7.00 in 2025. Instead, the currency reversed course, falling from R$ 6.18 at the start of the year to around R$ 5.35 by year-end, with continued downward pressure.

GDP Avoids Recession Despite Real Interest Rates Near 10%

High interest rates usually push economies into contraction, but Brazil proved more resilient.

The GDP result for Q3, to be released this week, should show slight positive growth of 0.2%, avoiding the recession widely predicted earlier this year. Brazil now appears on track to close 2025 with around 2% GDP growth, far above initial projections.

Industrial Production: Resilience Despite High Interest Rates

Newly released data from Brazil’s industrial sector show a nuanced but encouraging picture.

Overall Industrial Output Rises 1% in October

Industrial production increased 1% in October, driven predominantly by the extractive industry, which surged 3.6% year over year, thanks largely to strong oil output.

Machinery, Equipment, and Durable Goods Show Strength

Segments such as machinery, equipment, and durable goods posted gains, highlighting ongoing pockets of industrial demand even under tight monetary policy.

Manufacturing Declines Slightly but Avoids Collapse

The “true” manufacturing segment — manufatura estrito senso — slipped 0.6% month-over-month. However:

• If refinery activity is excluded, the result improves noticeably.

• Out of 25 industrial sectors, 12 posted growth in October.

This reinforces a key takeaway: Brazil’s industry is not collapsing, despite heavy pressure from a 15% policy interest rate.

FIESP Outlook: Slower Growth, but Still Positive in Key Areas

According to FIESP:

• Overall industrial production is expected to grow 0.9% in 2025, down from 3.1% in 2024.

• Manufacturing output should end 2025 near 0%, with a slight contraction of 0.9% projected for 2026.

Even with these slowdowns, the word of the year is resilience.

Real Estate Market Surges: São Paulo Sees Record Activity

One of the most surprising indicators comes from the real estate sector.

Launches Jump 88% Year-Over-Year in São Paulo

According to Secovi, real estate launches in the city of São Paulo rose an astonishing 88% compared to the previous year.

Sales Increase 8% in October

Property sales in October rose 8% year-over-year, demonstrating strong demand despite high borrowing costs.

This booming activity signals not only confidence in long-term economic prospects but also the impact of falling long-term interest rates.

Long-Term Interest Rates Fall Sharply, Boosting Investment Outlook

While Brazil’s short-term rates remain high, the long end of the yield curve is falling significantly — a critical signal for future growth.

• The 2035 NTNF dropped from 15% to 13% in one year (a 200 bps decline).

• This corresponds to over 20% capital gains for investors in long-term fixed-income assets.

• The entire long-term curve is approaching or dipping below 13%.

This drop supports investment in infrastructure, real estate, and long-horizon business projects.

Unemployment Reaches Lowest Level in History

The labor market remains one of Brazil’s most impressive success stories in 2025.

• The unemployment rate fell to 5.4%, the lowest in the historical series.

• Economists are struggling to understand how job creation remains so strong despite tight monetary policy.

Some analysts highlight:

• A portion of workers left the labor force but not due to discouragement.

• Many left work because household income improved enough to allow someone to study or retrain full-time.

Why Interest Rates Still Haven't Fallen

Despite improving inflation, the Central Bank argues that rates cannot be cut yet because inflation remains above the 3% target, even if moving steadily toward it.

Economists are split:

• Some believe rate cuts will begin January 2026.

• Others expect cuts only in March or April.

The consensus: 2026 will be a year of gradual, cautious rate reductions.

A Year That Ends Much Better Than It Began

Brazil closes 2025 with a far more positive economic landscape than expected:

• Inflation is falling

• Food prices dropped dramatically

• The dollar strengthened

• Industrial production shows resilience

• Real estate surged

• Long-term interest rates fell sharply

• Unemployment hit historic lows

• GDP avoided recession

In short, 2025 ends much better than economists predicted, and much better than it started.

Fiscal Populism, Productivity Crisis, and the Role of Education in Brazil’s Economic Stability

Brazil is currently facing a striking disconnect: while financial markets soar and the economy operates at near full employment, many orthodox economists continue to warn of an imminent fiscal collapse. Stock indices reach historic highs, inflation remains under control, and investors expect a new cycle of interest rate cuts. Yet these same experts — who have been consistently wrong in recent years — insist the country is heading toward a structural crisis.

But how much truth is there behind these warnings?

Beneath the market euphoria lie familiar weaknesses: low productivity, a political system resistant to long-term reforms, and rising public debt. Global capital fleeing U.S. volatility has inflated Brazilian asset prices, creating a temporary sense of strength. Meanwhile, industrial policies, subsidies, and local-content requirements echo past cycles that ended in crisis.

Paradoxically, Brazil is also experiencing a historic boom in infrastructure investment — R$ 760 billion this year alone. The country is not on the verge of collapse, but it is also far from entering a sustained virtuous cycle. To move forward, Brazil must confront deeper structural challenges.

Is Brazil’s Fiscal Deterioration a Threat to Long-Term Growth?

Orthodox economists argue that Brazil’s new fiscal framework is failing despite record investments. They warn that debt could exceed 84% of GDP, interest expenses are rising, and the primary result is sliding back into deficit. To stabilize debt, they claim Brazil would need an adjustment of over 5% of GDP — politically unfeasible under current conditions.

In public debate, social investments are often labeled “wasteful spending.” Specialists in fiscal policy argue the problem is not the size of public spending but its inefficiency. Waste, corruption, and poorly designed programs damage credibility, but strategic public investment in essential sectors is crucial for development. The challenge is separating unproductive expenditures from those that generate long-term growth.

Economists with a developmentalist outlook add another perspective: should a country be forbidden from spending more than it collects? While orthodox thinking says deficits increase risk and raise interest rates, empirical data suggests otherwise. Research by economist Demian Fiocca, for example, shows that Brazil’s real interest rates were higher during years of primary surplus than during fiscal deficits — contradicting the popular belief that austerity improves creditworthiness.

A broader argument emerges: global powers like the U.S. and China have consistently run deficits to finance innovation, industrial capacity, and technological leadership, while promoting austerity for developing economies. Strategic deficits — similar to early-stage investment in startups — can boost innovation and productivity if guided by coherent national planning. Embraer and Embrapa stand as clear examples of successful, state-driven long-term strategy.

Brazil’s Productivity Crisis: The Biggest Threat to Economic Stability

Beyond fiscal debates, Brazil’s real long-term challenge is its chronic productivity stagnation. Investments in research, innovation, education, and infrastructure remain insufficient. Analysts highlight the absence of a national strategy for technology, logistics, scientific development, or workforce training.

Without human capital development, Brazil’s potential growth will continue to shrink.

While financial markets celebrate temporary highs, the nation’s productivity deficit is its true Achilles’ heel. Low productivity undermines competitiveness far more than fiscal turbulence or market volatility.

This weakness stems from decades of underinvestment in critical sectors like science, technology, logistics, energy infrastructure, and especially education. Even in São Paulo, the country’s most advanced region, energy blackouts remain common. Meanwhile, evidence-based educational policy barely appears in public debate.

A striking contradiction persists: policymakers who demand scientific rigor in healthcare, for example, rarely apply the same standards to education, innovation, or economic policy. Without a major breakthrough in human capital, no fiscal rule or industrial incentive will deliver sustained growth.

A Political Debate Dominated by Distractions

While Brazil should be debating its long-term development strategy, productivity agenda, and educational reform, public discourse remains trapped in political distractions. Media cycles revolve around the Bolsonaro family’s future and the fiscal debate’s daily noise.

Brazil’s fiscal difficulties are real, but they are symptoms of a deeper issue: a political and social culture resistant to reforms. Economic elites, in particular, fiercely defend privileges while opposing even modest adjustments — seen recently in the fierce resistance to exempt income tax for workers earning up to R$ 5,000.

This culture creates a fragmented, protectionist, and self-interested society, where any attempt at fiscal reform becomes a prolonged battle of attrition.

Brazil Risks Another Cycle of Stagnation Without Structural Reforms

For now, markets continue to celebrate. But beneath the surface, Brazil is accumulating risks that could trigger a painful correction. Without a strategic shift toward higher productivity, high-quality education, innovation, and responsible fiscal planning, the country risks entering another period of stagnation — or facing a crisis that forces delayed reforms.

Brazil’s future depends on confronting the fundamentals: investing in human capital, strengthening institutions, and abandoning the cycles of fiscal populism and short-termism that have historically held back Latin America’s largest economy.